Hundvissling

2 AI svar via Perplexity

Fråga 1: Är politisk hundvissling effektivt även när de dolda budskapen avkodats av media och en bredare publik

Politisk hundvissling, en strategi där dolda budskap riktas mot specifika grupper utan att stöta bort andra, har visat sig vara effektiv även när budskapen avkodats av media och en bredare publik. Detta beror på flera faktorer:

### **Effektivitet trots avkodning**
1. **Dubbeltydighet skyddar avsändaren**:
Hundvisslor är utformade för att vara tillräckligt subtila så att de kan tolkas på olika sätt. Det gör det svårt för kritiker att bevisa att ett kontroversiellt budskap verkligen har kommunicerats. Politiker kan enkelt vifta bort kritik som missförstånd eller överdrifter, vilket minskar risken för negativa konsekvenser[1][3][4].

2. **Målgruppens mottaglighet**:
De grupper som hundvisslan riktar sig till är ofta redan benägna att tolka det dolda budskapet positivt. Även om budskapet avkodas av media, tenderar dessa grupper att stärkas i sin uppfattning snarare än att påverkas negativt[1][3].

3. **Begränsad påverkan på bredare publik**:
För väljare som inte är mottagliga för det dolda budskapet framstår uttrycken ofta som neutrala eller oskyldiga, vilket innebär att de inte reagerar negativt ens när budskapen avslöjas. Detta gör att strategin kan fortsätta attrahera stöd från flera väljargrupper samtidigt[2][4].

### **Studier och exempel**
Forskning från Göteborgs universitet visar att hundvisslor kan öka stödet från specifika väljargrupper utan att skrämma bort andra. I experiment där uttryck som "förortsgäng" (hundvissla) jämfördes med "invandrargäng" (mer direkt och kontroversiellt), visade det sig att hundvisslan gav större stöd bland deltagarna[1][2][4].

### **Slutsats**
Politisk hundvissling fungerar effektivt även när dolda budskap avslöjas, eftersom strategin bygger på dubbeltydighet och selektiv mottaglighet. Den manipulerande karaktären gör det möjligt för politiker att nå olika väljargrupper samtidigt, samtidigt som de undviker omfattande kritik från den bredare publiken.

Citations:
[1] https://www.gu.se/nyheter/mojligt-att-fa-fler-valjare-med-hundvisslor
[2] https://www.gu.se/som-institutet/resultat-och-publikationer/forskning-och-resultat-fran-medborgarpanelen
[3] https://www.forskning.se/2024/11/22/mojligt-att-fa-fler-valjare-med-hundvisslor/
[4] https://www.dagensps.se/nyheter/hundvisslan-sa-doljer-politiker-budskapet/
[5] https://www.biblioteksbladet.se/nyheter/forskning/letar-verktyg-for-att-avsloja-manipulativ-information-som-sprids-med-ai/
[6] https://spraktidningen.se/sprakbloggen/veckans-nyord-hundvissla/
[7] https://svenskfilosofi.se/2024/04/16/hur-man-upptacker-och-bekampar-hundvisslor/
[8] https://skr.se/download/18.377bc7e1192ae26b95bbe499/1730822058093/Olika-typer-av-trakasserier-pa-natet-Ny%20ver.pdf
[9] https://www.biblioteksbladet.se/nyheter/reportage/hart-samtalsklimat-gor-varlden-suddig/
[10] https://kallkritikbyran.se/forskarna-det-har-betyder-orden-i-trollfabriksdebatten/
[11] https://www.gu.se/sites/default/files/2023-02/breitholtz.pdf
[12] https://www.instagram.com/forskning.se/p/DENSA-PMkVF/
[13] https://www.expressen.se/kronikorer/david-lagercrantz/kristersson-hundvisslar-och-splittrar-nationen/
[14] https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundvissla
[15] https://oversattningsbyra.online/author/oversattningar/
[16] https://mediekompass.se/elev/ordlista/
[17] https://expo.se/nyhet/farre-foljare-nar-natjattar-tapper-till-kaninhal/
[18] https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9039416/file/9040835.pdf
[19] https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:806691/FULLTEXT03
[20] https://spraktidningen.se/artiklar/hundvissla/
[21] https://brapodcast.se/podcast/spraket/
--- Answer from Perplexity: pplx.ai/share

Fråga 2: Is dog whistling in US a growing concept in political rallies in US politics

Dog whistling has become a prominent and growing concept in U.S. political rallies, particularly as a tool for targeting specific voter groups while maintaining plausible deniability. Its usage has evolved significantly over time, especially in the context of divisive political campaigns.

### **Growth of Dog Whistling in U.S. Politics**
1. **Historical Usage**:
Dog whistling in U.S. politics gained traction during campaigns such as George W. Bush's 2004 presidential bid, where coded language was used to appeal to evangelical voters without alienating the broader electorate[1]. Similarly, Barack Obama's campaign and presidency saw accusations of dog-whistling by political opponents, often with racial undertones[1].

2. **Donald Trump's Campaigns**:
Donald Trump amplified the use of dog whistles during his 2016 presidential campaign, employing terms like "law and order," "illegal," and "Islam" consistently across his speeches[3]. His rhetoric often carried implicit messages that resonated strongly with specific voter bases, such as white supremacists or anti-immigration groups, while appearing less overtly controversial to general audiences[4]. Studies show that Trump's use of dog whistles significantly exceeded that of previous Republican candidates like Mitt Romney and John McCain[3].

3. **Populist Strategies**:
Populist politicians increasingly use dog-whistling as part of their communication strategies. Research indicates that they employ coded language to appeal simultaneously to loyal supporters and broader audiences, avoiding explicit endorsements of controversial ideas while signaling alignment with specific groups[2]. Over time, repeated use of dog whistles can make their meanings more recognizable to mainstream audiences, potentially diminishing their effectiveness as covert tools[2].

### **Factors Driving Its Growth**
- **Polarization**: The increasing political divide in the U.S. creates fertile ground for dog whistling, as politicians seek to mobilize specific factions without alienating moderate voters.
- **Media Amplification**: Coverage and analysis by media outlets often highlight dog whistles, inadvertently spreading their messages further while maintaining their ambiguity[1][4].
- **Social Media**: Platforms like Twitter allow politicians to deploy coded messages quickly and repeatedly, reaching targeted audiences effectively.

### **Implications**
While dog whistling can be an effective strategy for rallying support, its growing usage raises concerns about its impact on democracy. Critics argue that it undermines rational deliberation by fostering division and obscuring policy mandates[4]. Nonetheless, its prevalence suggests that it remains a powerful tool in modern U.S. political campaigns.

Citations:
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)
[2] https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/government-and-opposition/article/to-dogwhistle-or-to-bark-elite-communication-strategies-when-invoking-conspiracy-theories/3599F97E00B96CBE0B70B17741B79D4C
[3] https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=106140
[4] https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13691481231208147
[5] https://journalistsresource.org/politics-and-government/support-for-police-voters-election/
[6] https://www.adl.org/resources/article/mis-and-disinformation-trends-and-tactics-watch-2025
[7] https://slate.com/business/2025/01/trump-dei-republican-dog-whistle-diversity-capitalism-success-profit.html
[8] https://atlpresscollective.com/2024/09/12/opinion-how-anti-black-dog-whistles-evolve-over-time-but-never-go-away/
[9] https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2016/11/7/13549154/dog-whistles-campaign-racism
[10] https://csd.eu/blog/blogpost/2025/03/05/listening-to-dog-whistles/
[11] https://copolicy.org/news/beyond-dog-whistle-politics-an-interview-with-ian-haney-lopez/
[12] https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/racial-prejudice-dog-whistle-politics-and-police-behaviour
[13] https://www.yahoo.com/news/black-voters-concerned-project-2025-175728905.html
[14] https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780823287512-009/html?lang=en
[15] https://theconversation.com/trump-has-put-down-his-racist-dog-whistle-and-picked-up-a-bull-horn-176523 [16] https://www.msnbc.com/andrea-mitchell-reports/watch/black-voters-concerned-with-project-2025-trump-s-dog-whistle-politics-naacp-president-215913029766
[17] https://gnet-research.org/2023/06/09/how-gnome-hunting-became-tiktoks-latest-antisemitic-dog-whistle/
[18] https://extranet.sioe.org/uploads/sioe2021/grosjean_masera_yousaf.pdf
[19] https://www.instagram.com/ashanimfukoofficial/reel/DFLxFk7p1AV/
[20] https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/woke-conservatives/story?id=93051138
--- Answer from Perplexity: pplx.ai/share

Fråga 3: Dog whistles sound a bit like Georg Orwells text in his novel 1984 about "double speak"

Yes, dog whistling in political communication shares similarities with George Orwell's concept of "doublespeak" from *1984*. Both involve the use of language to obscure, manipulate, or convey hidden meanings, often serving political or ideological purposes. However, there are distinct differences in their mechanisms and goals.

### **Similarities Between Dog Whistling and Orwell's Doublespeak**
1. **Ambiguity and Hidden Messages**:
- Dog whistling uses coded language that conveys one meaning to the general public while signaling a deeper, often controversial message to a specific audience[4][7].
- Similarly, Orwell's doublespeak disguises the true meaning of words to mislead or soften harsh realities. For example, terms like "Ministry of Love" in *1984* mask the institution's oppressive nature[2][5].

2. **Control and Manipulation**:
- Both techniques aim to manipulate perception. Dog whistles subtly reinforce ideologies without overtly alienating broader audiences[7].
- Doublespeak, as part of Newspeak in *1984*, seeks to limit critical thinking and dissent by controlling language and thought[5][6].

3. **Euphemistic Language**:
- Dog whistles often rely on euphemisms (e.g., "family values") to appeal covertly to certain groups while avoiding explicit controversy[4].
- Doublespeak similarly employs euphemisms to obscure unpleasant truths, such as using "downsizing" instead of "mass layoffs"[2].

### **Key Differences**
1. **Target Audience**:
- Dog whistling is multi-vocal, addressing different audiences simultaneously with layered messages[7]. - Doublespeak operates more broadly, aiming to reshape collective understanding and suppress dissent across an entire society[5]. 2. **Purpose**: - Dog whistling is primarily a political strategy used to mobilize specific groups while maintaining plausible deniability.
- Doublespeak is part of a totalitarian system's effort to enforce ideological conformity and eliminate independent thought[5][6].

3. **Degree of Subtlety**:
- Dog whistles depend on cultural or contextual knowledge for interpretation.
- Doublespeak involves more overt redefinition or distortion of language itself, as seen in Orwell's Newspeak vocabulary reduction[5]. ### **Conclusion**
While dog whistling and Orwellian doublespeak share commonalities in their use of ambiguous and manipulative language, their contexts and applications differ. Dog whistling is a tactical tool for modern political campaigns, while doublespeak represents a broader mechanism for totalitarian control in Orwell's dystopian vision. Both highlight the power of language as a tool for shaping thought and behavior.

Citations:
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublethink [2] https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/doublespeak
[3] https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/harnessing-words-shaping-minds-a-comparative-analysis-of-newspeak-in-1984-and-language-manipulation-in-animal-farm/
[4] https://opentextbooks.library.arizona.edu/doublespeak/chapter/doublespeak/ [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspeak [6] https://study.com/academy/lesson/doublethink-in-1984-definition-examples.html
[7] https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/government-and-opposition/article/to-dogwhistle-or-to-bark-elite-communication-strategies-when-invoking-conspiracy-theories/3599F97E00B96CBE0B70B17741B79D4C
[8] https://australiainstitute.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/DP96_8.pdf
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)
[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublespeak
[11] https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/rl5GK3Wd66EFWxtYgfr7PgOjhdw=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Getty_doublespeak-183056327-56afa74f3df78cf772c72272.jpg?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQ2OzcgsSMAxUfdfUHHRGCDFIQ_B16BAgBEAI
[12] https://rorueso.blogs.uv.es/2010/10/28/manipulation-of-language-as-a-weapon-of-mind-control-and-abuse-of-power-in-1984/
[13] https://cfa.gmu.edu/news/2019-10/big-brother-and-other-terms-1984
[14] https://www.englishworks.com.au/orwells-nineteen-eighty-four-and-the-control-of-language/
[15] https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/george-orwell-show-honors-doublespeak-legacy/5155106.html
[16] https://www.llceranglais.fr/language-in-1984-and-the-concept-of-newspeak.html [17] https://www.britannica.com/art/newspeak
[18] https://www.languagetrainers.com/blog/orwell-gets-it-right-how-language-manipulates-and-controls/
[19] https://sundayguardianlive.com/opinion/doublethink-doublespeak-and-dystopia
[20] https://www.jstor.org/stable/23556571
[21] https://ecpr.eu/Events/Event/PaperDetails/45522
[22] https://www.reddit.com/r/SocialistGaming/comments/1jpkvq3/subtle_sexism_dog_whistles_doublespeak/
[23] https://grenouillebouillie.wordpress.com/2020/07/10/orwells-1984-was-not-an-instruction-manual/
[24] https://bibliolennlibrary.wordpress.com/2023/04/20/1984-by-george-orwell/
[25] https://philarchive.org/archive/QUADWC
[26] https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28971276
[27] https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1889639
[28] https://theconversation.com/five-lessons-on-bringing-truth-back-to-politics-from-britains-first-female-philosophy-professor-164191
[29] https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3599F97E00B96CBE0B70B17741B79D4C/S0017257X24000216a.pdf/to-dog-whistle-or-to-bark-elite-communication-strategies-when-invoking-conspiracy-theories.pdf
[30] https://grist.org/politics/from-doublespeak-to-alternative-facts-how-trump-made-a-mess-of-the-language/
[31] https://arielortiz.info/s201813/tc2006/language_ultimate_weapon.html
[32] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKU_CebXRPM
[33] https://ivypanda.com/essays/language-in-orwells-1984-as-a-means-of-manipulation-and-control/
[34] https://www.ericschwartzman.com/why-doublespeak-is-dangerous/
[35] https://www.truthdig.com/articles/joe-bidens-racist-dog-whistles-will-haunt-him/
[36] https://philarchive.org/archive/BARTDD-7

--- Answer from Perplexity: pplx.ai/share

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Svar via Perplexity 25.04.06 Accepterat av redaktionen i BiBB.

Publicerades: 2025.04.06 Uppdaterades: ....